The occupants of a building want peace and quiet. How can you engineer subfloors and cold-formed steel (CFS) flooring joists to meet that demand?
The answer involves designing CFS floors with greater mass. You must also take into account joist spacing, resilient channels, vibration breaks, and a few other factors.
But first, you must understand the basics of sound transmission.
Sound 101
Sound is vibration. It’s transmitted as a wave motion through air, liquids, and solid materials, including plywood, gypsum board, and CFS framing. Acoustics specialist Christoph Hoeller, research officer at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), noted two types of building sound:
- Airborne sound travels through the air. It can pass through walls and floors and reemerge in surrounding spaces, as shown in the adjacent diagram.
- Impact sound (or structural-born sound) involves the mechanical excitation of partitions, even though some of this sound is eventually conducted by the air. Impact sound can originate as footsteps, a treadmill, or furniture dragged across the floor, as just a few examples.
As noted in these diagrams, airborne sound and impact sound are transmitted in two ways:
- Direct sound transmission travels through separating partitions.
- Flanking sound transmission travels through other pathways, such as common floors or ceilings and their junctions.
It’s important to understand how building sounds are transmitted. The methods used to lesson sound transmission vary. How can engineers minimize sound transmission in designing CFS flooring?
Mass is the key
According to Hoeller, subfloor mass matters more than anything else in controlling building noise. The heavier the mass separating floors and walls, the better the sound insulation between units. And so, it’s ideal to include as much mass as possible on either side of the joists.
- Above the joists, two layers of OSB or plywood subfloor provides better sound attenuation than one layer.
- Below the joists, a double-layered gypsum board ceiling reduces sound transmission better than one sheet of drywall.
Decoupling factors
Achieve CFS floor decoupling in two main ways:
- Joist spacing. Increase the joist spacing as far as structural requirements allow. “Twenty-four inches is better than 16 inches for sound attenuation,” Hoeller Partitioned within the joist cavity, air acts as a sound buffer. The wider the cavity, the greater the buffer, and the greater the decoupling effect. This is especially true if fibrous insulation fills the joist cavity.
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Double-leg resilient channel, photo courtesy of ClarkDietrich
Resilient channels. Resilient channels are cross-furring members. They attach to a gypsum board ceiling (or wall) and add springiness to a second board layer that isolates sound transmissions. “It’s difficult to achieve good sound insulation with floor and ceiling assemblies without using resilient metal channels,” Hoeller said.
Resilient channels are often installed incorrectly. Contractors may use long screws that drill through the entire resilient channel. That creates a rigid connection — coupling the system and facilitating sound transmission, rather than impeding it.
Vibration breaks
Sound can travel between adjacent rooms via flanking paths, such as a common floor or ceiling. For this reason, the 2015 edition of the National Building Code of Canada changed. Instead of requiring Sound Transmission Class ratings, it mandates system performance using Apparent STC ratings. (The 2015 International Building Code has only STC rating requirements.)
“[Canadian] designers, architects, and engineers can no longer just look at the separating assembly,” Hoeller said. “They also have to look at the flanking assembly.”
An NRC study, “Apparent Sound Insulation in Cold-Formed Steel-Framed Buildings” (RR-337), sponsored by the Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute (CSSBI), focused largely on flanking sound transmissions. It looked at different configurations for attaching CFS floor joists to CFS-framed walls and how sound travels between spaces by direct paths and by flanking paths. The biggest finding involved subfloors that are continuous across junctions. To prevent flanking sound transmission, engineers should include vibration breaks in both the joists and the subfloor.
“Cutting the joists at the junctions is much better for sound insulation than having a continuous joist,” Hoeller said.
Deep joists
A variety of CFS profiles, depths, widths, and thicknesses exist in the marketplace. Some profiles have lips, some don’t. Some have proprietary knockout areas. The factor relevant to sound attenuation is web depth, according to Hoeller.
“The deeper the joists, generally the better the sound insulation,” Hoeller said. Joist thickness bears little on noise impedance, he said, so you should focus primarily on the joists’ depth and spacing.
Screws away from the web
What about fasteners? Where should you place the screws in a joist? Answer: Screw the subfloor into the joist flange as far from the web as you can. Fastening the subfloor away from the stiff part of the joist allows the flange to act as a decoupling element. It can help attenuate some noise.
Other sound attenuation factors
Other factors go beyond the purview of the CFS flooring assembly, but are worth noting:
- Finish flooring. Heavy finish flooring adds mass. But a lighter material, such as carpeting, can soften the impact of footsteps and reduce the mechanical power injected into a floor.
- Sound mats. Resilient floor interlayers reduce impact noise. They can also reduce some airborne sound.
Article cited by BuildSteel.org